| Head and neck | +++; tobacco control; reduced alcohol consumption; increased consumption of vegetables and fruits | +++; awareness, early clinical diagnosis; screening by visual inspection | +++; surgery; radiotherapy | Implementation and evaluation of tobacco and alcohol control measures and population-based visual screening for oral cancer; evaluation of clinical downstaging; formulation of locally feasible cost-effective management protocols and evaluating their adherence and effectiveness |
| Esophagus | +++; tobacco control; reduced alcohol use; healthy diet | + | + | Evaluation of the effectiveness of tobacco/alcohol control measures and promotion of healthy eating practices; evaluation of chemoprevention |
| Stomach | +++; prevention and eradication of H. pylori infection; healthy diet; tobacco control; improved living conditions | +; early clinical diagnosis | ++; surgery | Evaluation of the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of screening individuals for infection with Helicobacter pylori and then eradicating H. pylori with antibiotic therapy; vaccination to prevent H. pylori infection |
| Colon, rectum | ++; control of overweight/obesity; promotion of healthy diet and physical activity | +++; awareness; early clinical diagnosis; screening by fecal occult blood test; endoscopy | +++; surgery; chemotherapy | Evaluation of efficacy and cost-effectiveness of colorectal cancer screening; evaluation of clinical downstaging; formulation of locally feasible cost-effective management protocols and evaluating their adherence and effectiveness |
| Liver | +++; HBV vaccination in infancy; prevention of exposure to liver flukes; reduced fungal contamination of stored grains; blood supply and injection safety measures to prevent exposure to HCV; reduced alcohol use; tobacco control | + | + | Evaluation of long-term protection from HBV vaccination, need for booster doses; evaluation of methods to cure chronic HBV and HCV infection |
| Lung | +++; tobacco control; regulation of occupational exposures; ventilation and improved low-technology heating and cooking | + | + | Implementation and evaluation of primary prevention measures, in particular tobacco control |
| Breast | ++; control of obesity; promotion of physical activity; reduced alcohol use | +++; breast awareness; early clinical diagnosis | +++; surgery; chemotherapy; hormone therapy; radiotherapy | Evaluation of chemoprevention; evaluation of breast awareness and physical examination; evaluation of clinical downstaging; formulation of locally feasible cost-effective management protocols and evaluating their adherence and effectiveness |
| Uterine cervix | +++; HPV vaccination; tobacco control | +++; awareness; early clinical diagnosis; screening with cytology, VIA or HPV testing | +++; surgery; radiotherapy; chemotherapy | Implementation and evaluation of HPV vaccination and alternative methods of screening; integration of HPV vaccine and screening programs; effectiveness of screening with fast HPV testing followed by VIA triage and treatment in preventing cervical cancer; evaluation of clinical downstaging; formulation of locally feasible cost-effective management protocols and evaluating their adherence and effectiveness |
| Lymphohematopoietic (lymphoma, multiple myeloma, leukemia) | + | + | +++; chemotherapy; radiotherapy | Evaluation of affordable forms of chemotherapy regimens in low-resource settings; formulation of locally feasible cost-effective management protocols and evaluating their adherence and effectiveness |
